Magna Carta Libertatum (Medieval Latin for “Great Charter of Freedoms”), commonly called Magna Carta (also Magna Charta; “Great Charter”), is a royal charter of rights agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor, on 15 June 1215. First drafted by Archbishop of Canterbury, Cardinal Stephen Langton, to make peace between the unpopular king and a group of rebel barons, it promised the protection ofContinue Reading
IN THE TOWN of Nicaea, on the shores of what is now lake Iznik in the northwest of Turkey, the First Council of Nicaea was held in AD 325 that decided the path for Christianity. It was convened by the Roman emperor Constantine to settle a question that was threateningContinue Reading
On September 12, 1962, John F. Kennedy gave one of the best speeches in recorded history. “We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measureContinue Reading
The increasingly rootless nature of Americans provides a fresh perspective for assessing the drift of modern societies. While the footlooseness of Americans as pioneers was a source of vitality and charm, several of the new forms that the accelerating rootlessness of Americans is taking should be a cause of alarm.Continue Reading
Capitalism in its modern form can be traced to the emergence of agrarian capitalism and mercantilism in the early Renaissance, in city-states like Florence. Capital has existed incipiently on a small scale for centuries in the form of merchant, renting and lending activities and occasionally as small-scale industry with some wage labor. Simple commodity exchange andContinue Reading
The War of the Worlds is an episode that is directed and narrated by Orson Welles as an adaptation of H. G. Wells‘s novel The War of the Worlds (1898) of the American radio drama anthology series The Mercury Theatre on the Air. It was performed and broadcast live as a Halloween episode at 8 pm ET on OctoberContinue Reading
Far from ‘dark’, the early medieval period saw religious diversity and the invention of new forms of art. The Lindisfarne Gospels is only 1 example of great early medieval art. 1. Why is the period known as ‘dark’? The term ‘Dark Age’ was used by the Italian scholar and poetContinue Reading
Highly versatile and powerful ships capable of trade, diplomacy and combat, the man of war was the most prominent of armed ships from the 16th to 19th Century. One of the most notable man of war ship designs was that devised by Sir John Hawkins, treasurer and controller of theContinue Reading
Laurel and Hardy were a motion picture comedy team whose official filmography consists of 106 films released between 1921 and 1951. Together they appeared in 34 silent shorts, 45 sound shorts, and 27 full-length sound feature films. In addition to these, Laurel and Hardy appeared in at least 20 foreign-language versionsContinue Reading
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