Elizabeth I (1533 – 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. Sometimes referred to as the Virgin Queen, Elizabeth was the last of the five monarchs of the House of Tudor In government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and half-siblings had been. One of her mottoes was “videoContinue Reading
Magna Carta Libertatum (Medieval Latin for “Great Charter of Freedoms”), commonly called Magna Carta (also Magna Charta; “Great Charter”), is a royal charter of rights agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor, on 15 June 1215. First drafted by Archbishop of Canterbury, Cardinal Stephen Langton, to make peace between the unpopular king and a group of rebel barons, it promised the protection ofContinue Reading
AT THE END of October AD 312, the streets of Rome seethed with discontent. “The customary rains and showers of the winter season ceased to fall in their wonted abundance upon the earth and an unexpected famine made its appearance, and in addition to this a pestilence,” wrote the ChristianContinue Reading
IN THE TOWN of Nicaea, on the shores of what is now lake Iznik in the northwest of Turkey, the First Council of Nicaea was held in AD 325 that decided the path for Christianity. It was convened by the Roman emperor Constantine to settle a question that was threateningContinue Reading
The Catalan Atlas is a medieval world map, or mappamundi, created in 1375 that has been described as the most important map of the Middle Ages in the Catalan language, and as “the zenith of medieval map-work”.Continue Reading
Once, Sorotomo was a vast metropolis, a political centre of the Mali empire. Later, the city was abandoned in the wake of a violent attack. THE LONG-LOST metropolis at the heart of west Africa’s biggest-ever empire has been discovered by a British archaeologist. Investigations 200 miles south of the SaharaContinue Reading
The East India Company (EIC) was an English, and later British, joint-stock company founded in 1600. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies (the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia), and later with East Asia. The company seized control of large parts of the Indian subcontinent, colonised parts of Southeast Asia and Hong Kong, and kept trading posts andContinue Reading
On September 12, 1962, John F. Kennedy gave one of the best speeches in recorded history. “We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measureContinue Reading
Pedro Álvares Cabral (1467 – 1520) was a Portuguese nobleman, military commander, navigator and explorer regarded as the European discoverer of Brazil. In 1500, Cabral conducted the first substantial exploration of the northeast coast of South America and claimed it for Portugal. While details of Cabral’s early life remain unclear, it is known that he cameContinue Reading
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