Alice in Wonderland Movie 1915
- The American Civil War which lasted from 1861 to 1865.
- The Paraguayan War (1864–1870) starts in South America, with the invasion of Paraguay by the Triple Alliance (Empire of Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay). It will kill almost 60% of the country’s population.
Science and technology
- The Metropolitan Railway, the world’s first underground railway, opens in London in 1863.
- The Plongeur, the first mechanically powered submarine in the world, is launched in 1863 after three years of construction.
- The United States’ first transcontinental railroad is completed in 1869.
- The Suez Canal in Egypt is opened in 1869.
- Carl Wilhelm Borchardt discovers and proves Cayley’s formula in graph theory in 1860.
- The first transatlantic telegraph cable is successfully laid in 1866, enabling almost instant communication between America and Europe.
- Alfred Nobel invents dynamite in Sweden, patenting it in 1867.
- James Clerk Maxwell publishes his equations that quantify the relationship between electricity and magnetism, and shows that light is a form of electromagnetic radiation
- Joseph Lister develops antiseptic methods for use in surgery in 1867, introducing carbolic acid as an antiseptic, turning it into the first widely used surgical antiseptic in surgery, and publishing Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery. As a result, deaths from infections due to surgery greatly decrease.
- Gregor Mendel formulates Mendel’s laws of inheritance, the basis for genetics, in a two-part paper written in 1865 and published in 1866, although it is largely ignored until 1900.
- Dmitri Mendeleev develops the modern periodic table
- Helium was first detected during the total solar eclipse of August 18, 1868, in parts of India. It was the first eclipse expedition in which a spectroscope was used.
- J. Norman Lockyer and Pierre Janssen are honored for their discovery of the nature of the Sun’s prominences. They were the first to notice bright spectral emission lines when viewing the limb of the Sun without the aid of a total solar eclipse.
- 1862 International Exhibition in London, England and 1867 International Exposition in Paris.
- Louis Pasteur develops a technique of food preservation known as Pasteurization, advancing understanding of the Germ theory of disease.
Literature and arts
- Victor Hugo publishes Les Misérables.
- Leo Tolstoy publishes War and Peace.
- Fyodor Dostoevsky publishes Crime and Punishment.
- Lewis Carroll publishes Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland.
- Jules Verne publishes Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas.
- Impressionism went public.
- Charles Dickens publishes Great Expectations and Our Mutual Friend.
- George Eliot publishes the Silas Marner.
- Karl Marx publishes Das Kapital.
- Horatio Alger publishes Ragged Dick.
- Winged Victory of Samothrace is discovered, 1863.
